1st Year Biology Board Pattern Paper 2026

Q1. Multiple choice questions (Attempt all · 80 × 0.5 = 40)

1. The ABO blood group system was discovered by
   1. Watson
   2. Mendel
   3. Karl Landsteiner
   4. Morgan
2. The process of replacement of one community by another is divided into phases called
   1. Layers
   2. Generations
   3. Levels
   4. Seral stages
3. What is the basis for the difference in how leading & lagging strands of DNA molecules are synthesized?
   1. The origins of replication occur only at 5'end.
   2. DNA ligase works only in the 3'----5' direction
   3. Polymerase can only work on one strand at a time
   4. DNA polymerase can join new nucleotides only to the 3' end of a growing strand.
4. Triploblastic animals have ______ germ layers.
   1. One
   2. Two
   3. Three
   4. Four
5. Glucose and fructose are examples of:
   1. Optical isomers
   2. Structural isomers
   3. Functional group isomers
   4. Geometrical isomers
6. Mycorrhizal fungi help plants in the uptake of:
   1. Nitrogen and oxygen
   2. Phosphorus, zinc, and copper
   3. Hydrogen and helium
   4. Carbon and nitrogen
7. The main plant body of tracheophytes is:
   1. Gametophyte
   2. Sporophyte
   3. Zygote
   4. Spore
8. The human ovary produces
   1. Sperm
   2. Ova
   3. Milk
   4. Hormones only
9. Darwin developed his theory in the late
   1. 1700s
   2. 1830s
   3. 1850s
   4. 1900s
10. Thermoacidophiles thrive in which conditions?
    1. Cold and basic
    2. Hot and acidic
    3. Salty and dry
    4. Cold and saline
11. If an enzyme solution is saturated with substrate, the most effective way to obtain an even faster yield or products is to:
    1. Add more of the enzyme
    2. Add more substrate
    3. Add an allosteric inhibitor
    4. Add a noncompetitive inhibitor
12. Bacteriophage infects only:
    1. Plants
    2. Animals
    3. Bacteria
    4. Fungi
13. The Calvin cycle is also called
    1. C3 pathway
    2. C4 pathway
    3. CAM pathway
    4. Krebs cycle
14. Long-day plants require ______ to flower.
    1. Short nights
    2. Long nights
    3. No light
    4. Continuous dark
15. Which of the following processes includes all others.
    1. Osmosis
    2. Diffusion of a solute across a membrane
    3. Facilitated diffusion
    4. Passive transport
16. The basic unit of heredity is
    1. Chromosome
    2. DNA
    3. Gene
    4. Nucleotide
17. The synthesis of nitrogen fertilizers is called
    1. Industrial fixation
    2. Biological fixation
    3. Atmospheric fixation
    4. Chemical fixation
18. The enzyme that catalyzes amino acid activation is
    1. Gyrase
    2. Peptidyl transferase
    3. RNA ligase
    4. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
19. The water vascular system is characteristic of __________.
    1. Arthropods
    2. Echinoderms
    3. Annelids
    4. Molluscs
20. Proteins are classified into how many main types based on structure and shape?
    1. One
    2. Two
    3. Three
    4. Four
21. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is commonly known as:
    1. Bread mold
    2. Brewer's yeast
    3. Mushroom fungus
    4. Penicillin mold
22. The sex organs of bryophytes are called:
    1. Sporangia
    2. Asci
    3. Conidia
    4. Antheridia and archegonia
23. Which of the following hormones provides hormonal trigger to cause ovulation & release of eggs from ovary.
    1. Estrogen
    2. Testosterone
    3. Luteinizing hormon (LH)
    4. All of these
24. Neo-Darwinism is the reappraisal of Darwin's theory in terms of
    1. Modern population genetics
    2. Inheritance of acquired characters
    3. Use and disuse of organs
    4. Environmental changes
25. What is a significant difference between bacterial membranes and eukaryotic cell membranes?
    1. Bacterial membranes do not contain cholesterol.
    2. Eukaryotic membranes have peptidoglycan layers
    3. Bacterial membranes have a phospholipid bilayer
    4. Eukaryotic membranes lack membrane proteins
26. Who classified enzymes based on reaction types and mechanisms in 1961?
    1. Watson and Crick
    2. International Union of Biochemistry
    3. Pasteur
    4. Fischer
27. The glycoprotein that helps HIV attach to the host cell is:
    1. gp41
    2. gp120
    3. gp80
    4. gp60
28. The first step of glycolysis is best described as
    1. Oxidation
    2. Phosphorylation of glucose
    3. Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP without phosphorylation
    4. Decarboxylation
29. The most accepted theory of translocation is ______.
    1. Diffusion theory
    2. Capillary theory
    3. Osmotic theory
    4. Pressure flow theory
30. Some cellular organelles are bound by a single membrane, while other organelles have two membranes (envelopes) around them. Which one of the following is correct?
    1. Single membrane : Double membranes peroxysomes, lysosome nucleus, chloroplast
    2. Single membrane : Double membranes chloroplast, lysosome nucleus, perox:ysomes
    3. Single membrane : Double membranes nucleus, chloroplast lysosome, perox:ysomes
    4. Single membrane : Double membranes nucleus, lysosome chloroplast, peroxysomes
31. Genes located on autosomes show
    1. Sex linkage
    2. Dominant linkage
    3. Recessive linkage
    4. Autosomal linkage
32. Hydrarch succession occurs in
    1. Desert
    2. Water bodies
    3. Mountains
    4. Rocks
33. The genetic cause of Down syndrome is
    1. Trisomy 21
    2. Trisomy 18
    3. Monosomy X
    4. XXY condition
34. The main identifying feature of chordates is the presence of __________.
    1. Brain
    2. Notochord
    3. Gills
    4. Segmentation
35. Each codon in mRNA consists of how many nucleotides?
    1. One
    2. Two
    3. Three
    4. Four
36. Protozoa are:
    1. Multicellular eukaryotes
    2. Unicellular eukaryotes
    3. Multicellular prokaryotes
    4. Non-living organisms
37. Spermatophytes are also known as:
    1. Seedless plants
    2. Thallophytes
    3. Non-vascular plants
    4. Seed-producing vascular plants
38. Fertilization of the ovum normally occurs:
    1. In distal part of oviduct
    2. Along the uterine wall
    3. In proximal part of oviduct
    4. Successfully in vagina
39. Which of the following is not true about Lamarckism?
    1. Somatic changes are heritable
    2. There is experimental proof
    3. Organs can be modified by wish
    4. Both b and c
40. The cell wall of bacteria is composed mainly of:
    1. Cellulose
    2. Pectin
    3. Chitin
    4. Peptidoglycan
41. The energy that must be added to start a reaction is called:
    1. Potential energy
    2. Kinetic energy
    3. Energy of activation
    4. Thermal energy
42. Which of the following is a DNA virus?
    1. Influenza virus
    2. AIDS virus
    3. Bacteriophage
    4. Rubella virus
43. The main accessory pigment is:
    1. Chlorophyll-b
    2. Chlorophyll-a
    3. Cytochrome
    4. RuBP
44. Water potential of pure water is ______.
    1. Positive
    2. Zero
    3. Negative
    4. Variable
45. Which of the following can pass through the cell membrane by simple diffusion?
    1. Glucose
    2. Amino acids
    3. Oxygen and carbon dioxide
    4. Proteins
46. The offspring of a black and white parent in polygenic inheritance is called
    1. Mulatto
    2. Albino
    3. Hybrid
    4. Epistatic
47. Which region of Pakistan are coniferous forests primarily found in?
    1. Coastal areas
    2. Southern plains
    3. Northern mountainous areas (Himalayas and Karakoram)
    4. Western deserts
48. In eukaryotic cells, transcription cannot begin until:
    1. The two DNA strands have completely separated and exposed the promater.
    2. Several transcription factors have bound to the promoter
    3. The DNA introns are removed from the template
    4. DNA nucleases have isolated the transcription unit
49. True coelom is completely lined by ______.
    1. Endoderm
    2. Ectoderm
    3. Mesoderm
    4. Epidermis
50. When two amino acids are linked to form peptide linkage______ is removed:
    1. Hydroxyl
    2. Water
    3. Carbon
    4. Nitrogen
51. Oomycetes contain cell walls made of:
    1. Chitin
    2. Lignin
    3. Pectin
    4. Cellulose
52. The aerial stems of Equisetum are characterized by:
    1. Hollow and jointed nodes
    2. Thick woody branches
    3. Unbranched green stems
    4. Fleshy leaves
53. Which of the following is a primary organ of the female reproductive system?
    1. Vagina
    2. Ovary.
    3. Uterus
    4. Testes
54. Analogous organs arise due to :
    1. Divergent evolution
    2. Artificial selection
    3. Genetic drift
    4. Convergent evolution.
55. The cell wall is absent in which bacterial group?
    1. Bacillus
    2. Mycoplasma
    3. Streptococcus
    4. Vibrio
56. Oxidoreductases catalyze:
    1. Covalent bond breaking
    2. Hydrolysis reactions
    3. Isomer formation
    4. Oxidation and reduction reactions
57. HIV is treated with:
    1. Antibiotics
    2. Antiviral therapy
    3. Antiretroviral therapy (ART)
    4. Vaccination
58. ATP is synthesized in the ETC primarily by
    1. Substrate-level phosphorylation
    2. Direct oxidative reactions
    3. Photophosphorylation
    4. Chemiosmosis via ATP synthase
59. Vascular cambium produces ______.
    1. Secondary xylem and secondary phloem
    2. Cork and secondary cortex
    3. Root hairs
    4. Pith
60. Which structure is present in plant cells but absent in animal cells?
    1. Mitochondria
    2. Golgi apparatus
    3. Cell wall
    4. Lysosome
61. Rh blood group system is encoded by three genes C, D and E which occupy tightly linked loci:
    1. Five
    2. Four
    3. Three
    4. Two
62. Tropical grasslands in Pakistan typically experience which climate?
    1. Arid
    2. Monsoon
    3. Tundra
    4. Mediterranean
63. Mustard gas and nitrous gas are examples of
    1. Chemical mutagens
    2. Physical mutagens
    3. Biological mutagens
    4. Natural mutagens
64. What is a radula?
    1. A spiny ribbon of tissues used for feeding in snails.
    2. A gas exchange structure in insects
    3. A stinging cell used by sea anemones to capture prey
    4. A supportive rod on the dorsal surface of chordates
65. The term nuclein was first used by:
    1. Watson
    2. Crick
    3. Swiss physician Miescher
    4. Franklin
66. Which protist is responsible for causing a gastrointestinal disease known as amoebic dysentery?
    1. Diatoms
    2. Euglenoids
    3. Brown Algae
    4. Entamoeba histolytica.
67. Gametophyte in bryophytes is:
    1. Haploid.
    2. Diploid
    3. Triploid
    4. Entaploid
68. The female reproductive system includes
    1. Ureters, kidneys, vagina
    2. Urethra, cervix, rectum
    3. Seminal vesicle, uterus, vagina
    4. Ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina
69. Lamarck presented his theory in the book
    1. Origin of Species
    2. Philosophie Zoologique
    3. Evolution of Life
    4. Theory of Evolution
70. Antiseptics are used on:
    1. Non-living surfaces
    2. Living tissues
    3. Instruments
    4. Furniture
71. Which of the following is not a main class of enzymes?
    1. Oxidoreductases
    2. Transferases
    3. Nucleases
    4. Ligases
72. Which of these is a true statement?
    1. Viruses carry with them their own ribosome for protein formation
    2. New viral ribosomes form after viral DNA enters the cell
    3. Viruses use the host ribosomes for their own needs
    4. Viruses do not need ribosomes for protein formation
73. In C 3 plants first stable product of photosynthesis during dark reaction is:
    1. PGA
    2. GJP
    3. RuBP
    4. Oxaloacetate
74. Pressure potential increases when ______.
    1. Water leaves the cell
    2. Solute decreases
    3. Cell becomes flaccid
    4. Cell becomes turgid
75. Which of the following statements is true for osmosis?
    1. It requires energy
    2. It moves molecules against the gradient
    3. It moves solutes only
    4. It occurs through semipermeable membrane
76. In Foxglove flower, dominant epistasis is shown by
    1. D gene
    2. H gene
    3. W gene
    4. A gene
77. What common name is often given to coral reefs because of their great biodiversity?
    1. Deserts of the sea
    2. Gardens of the sea
    3. Rainforests of the sea
    4. Mountains of the sea
78. The substitution of one base by another is known as
    1. Insertion
    2. Deletion
    3. Base substitution
    4. Duplication
79. The exoskeleton of arthropods is made up of __________.
    1. Calcium
    2. Cellulose
    3. Keratin
    4. Chitin
80. How many amino acids are commonly found in proteins?
    1. 10
    2. 15
    3. 20
    4. 25