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Punjab (PTB) · Half book test (board pattern) · Free

2nd Year Biology First half Book Paper

85 marks · 3 hours · 55 questions. Covers: 7 chapters (CHAP 13: THERMOREGULATION AND OSMOREGULATION to CHAP 19: CHROMOSOME AND DNA).

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2nd Year Biology First half Book Paper

2nd Year · Biology · Punjab (PTB)

Name: ____________Roll No: ________Class/Section: ________Date: ________Total marks: 85Time: 3 hours

Q1. Multiple choice questions (Attempt all · 17 × 1 = 17)

  1. If a father has an X-linked dominant trait, who among his children will inherit it?

    1. All of his sons

    2. Half of his sons and half of his daughters

    3. None of his children

    4. All of his daughters

  2. Which parts of a neuron receive information from other cells and carry impulses toward the cell body?

    1. Dendrites

    2. Axons

    3. Axon terminals

    4. Nodes of Ranvier

  3. Over-secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex results in which disease?

    1. Diabetes insipidus

    2. Cushing disease

    3. Addison's disease

    4. Graves' disease

  4. Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?

    1. Blood clotting

    2. Regulation of blood glucose levels

    3. Labor and childbirth

    4. Cytokine storm during infection

  5. The ureters are tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder and are approximately how long?

    1. 5 cm

    2. 15 cm

    3. 25 cm

    4. 50 cm

  6. The site of the production of sperm is:

    1. Seminiferous tubules

    2. Epididymis

    3. Seminal vesicle

    4. Vas deference

  7. How many initial bases of the new mRNA strand form a temporary hybrid helix with the template DNA strand?

    1. 5 bases

    2. 12 bases

    3. 20 bases

    4. 35 bases

  8. Why is the AB blood group called the universal recipient?

    1. It lacks both antigen-A and antigen-B on RBCs

    2. It lacks both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma

    3. It contains all possible antigens and antibodies

    4. It can produce its own blood cells rapidly

  9. The cytoplasm of a neuron's cell body is characterized by the presence of Nissl's granules, which are groups of:

    1. Mitochondria and Golgi bodies

    2. Ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum

    3. Lysosomes and vacuoles

    4. Centrioles and smooth endoplasmic reticulum

  10. Antidiuretic and oxytocin hormones are produced by:

    1. Anterior pituitary

    2. Posterior pituitary

    3. Intermediate pituitary

    4. Hypothalamus

  11. The expansion of blood capillaries lying just beneath the epidermis of the skin to remove excess heat is called:

    1. Vasoconstriction

    2. Vasodilation

    3. Hyperthermia

    4. Hypothermia

  12. Which type of nephron makes up the majority (about 85%) of nephrons in the kidney?

    1. Juxtamedullary nephrons

    2. Cortical nephrons

    3. Medullary nephrons

    4. Papillary nephrons

  13. During spermatogenesis, how many haploid spermatids (1n) are ultimately produced from a single diploid spermatogonium (2n)?

    1. One spermatid

    2. Two spermatids

    3. Three spermatids

    4. Four spermatids

  14. What is another name for the secondary constriction of a chromosome that helps produce nucleoli?

    1. Nuclear Organizer Region (NOR)

    2. Telomere Region

    3. Centromeric Sequence

    4. Sister Chromatid Core

  15. Which of the following is a human example of a Y-linked trait?

    1. Muscular dystrophy

    2. Hypertrichosis

    3. Red-green colour blindness

    4. Vitamin D-resistant rickets

  16. The pineal gland is located where the two halves of the thalamus join and produces which hormone to control sleep patterns?

    1. Melatonin

    2. Oxytocin

    3. Thyroxine

    4. Adrenaline

  17. Under-secretion of insulin results in diabetes mellitus, which is characterized by high blood sugar known as:

    1. Hypoglycaemia

    2. Hyperglycaemia

    3. Hypercalcemia

    4. Hypocalcaemia

Q2. Short questions (Attempt any 8 of 12 · 8 × 2 = 16)

  1. Briefly explain how Peritoneal Dialysis works.

  2. Explain how the body responds via negative feedback when temperature exceeds 37°C.

  3. What happens to the body if one cerebral hemisphere suffers damage?

  4. Differentiate between Cortical and Juxtamedullary nephrons.

  5. Why can only freshwater animals afford to excrete ammonia directly?

  6. Differentiate between Beta waves and Delta waves on an EEG.

  7. List the organs of the urinary system.

  8. How do terrestrial animals lose water to their environment?

  9. Differentiate between; White matter and grey matter.

  10. Define Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.

  11. ame two mechanisms used by osmoregulators to maintain internal balance.

  12. Why is a resting neuron said to be polarized?

Q3. Short questions (Attempt any 8 of 12 · 8 × 2 = 16)

  1. Trace the path of spermatozoa through the male accessory ducts starting from the seminiferous tubules.

  2. Describe the mutant fly that Thomas Hunt Morgan observed in 1910.

  3. State the role of hormones as chemical messengers.

  4. When do the ova in a females begin meiosis? When do they complete the first meiotic division?

  5. Breakdown the disguised 1:2:1 genetic ratio found within the F2 generation.

  6. Differentiate between; Beta and alpha cells of pancreas.

  7. What are the main functional roles of the fluid secreted by the bulbourethral glands?

  8. What are "secretors" and which gene regulates this condition?

  9. Explain how parathormone acts on bones and kidneys to raise blood calcium levels.

  10. Where exactly in the female body does a secondary oocyte complete its second meiotic division after fusing with a sperm?

  11. Why is the continuous mixing of alleles important for a population?

  12. List four distinct ways in which insulin works to lower blood glucose levels.

Q4. Short questions (Attempt any 6 of 9 · 6 × 2 = 12)

  1. What is a replication origin site, and how does its quantity differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

  2. Describe the structural dimensions and nucleotide count of DNA in an average human chromosome

  3. What is chromatin fibre? How is it formed during condensation of chromatin?

  4. Define a replicon.

  5. Why did Griffith initially think the S-type bacteria were virulent compared to the R-type?

  6. Explain the molecular structure of daughter DNA strands according to the Dispersive model.

  7. Differentiate between the Conservative and Semi-conservative models of DNA replication.

  8. List the requirements mentioned at the top of the page that a molecule must meet to be considered genetic material.

  9. Differentiate between: Point mutation and chromosomal mutation.

Q5. Long questions (Attempt any 3 of 5 · 3 × 8 = 24)

  1. Explain synaptic transmission of nerve impulse.

  2. Hypothesize kidney stone by studying the urine test of relevant patients.

  3. State the role of artificially synthesized steroids in sports and their long-term effects on its users.

  4. Describe the effect of endocrine disrupting contaminants on the reproductive abilities.

  5. DNA Polymerase III is a highly efficient proof-reader that fixes its own mistakes. What happens to a cell if the gene for the "proof-reader" enzyme itself gets a mutation?